Environmental Vulnerabilities of Bagerhat Municipality, South – West Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

The present research area was located within a coastal and unplanned urban area situated on the bank of river Bhairab.Tidal effect of this river very much prominent in the rainy season. Thus become of the presence of Bhoirab River and the unplanned urban area development, the municipality is very much vulnerable on climate, amenities, and water quality context.

OBJECTIVES 

To analyze the climatic condition of the study area.

To analyze the amenities vulnerability of the study area.

To analyze the water quality in the study area.

 CLIMATIC CONDITION

Climate constitutes a critical resource for the economy of Bangladesh  which is almost solely dependent on the summer rainfall. There is an increasing realization that climate is closely tied to sustainable development in the context of global change

Due to  seasonal  variation  and temporary water logging reducing agricultural  production and  hamper the live hood condition of the people . 

 water logging

It was evident that poor drainage network and encoarcement on drainage paths ,lack of proper maintance of existing drainage system, disposal of waste into drainage paths ,Construction of embankments ,bridges and occasional  back flow of tidal water from Bhoirab River was through the drainage out falls during peak monsoonal saeson was the major causes of temporary water logging during rainy season in the municipality area.It was revealed that most of temporary water logged areas were located in Bagerhat Municipality of Ward  No 1,5and 8 and   and the dur

CONCLUTION
Any proposed drainage improvement plan should be justified economic, technically and socially. The programme after implementation will mitigate major drainage problems.


To avoidance construction of embankments ,bridges in the natural drainage area increase navigation and reduce occasional back flow of tidal water from Bhoirab River which can reduce temporary water logging of the area.


Unplanned rapid urbanization is the main causes of amenities vulnerability. Rural – urban income differentials are mainly responsible of unplanned urbanization. To setup industry in rural area can reduce income differential and also reduce amenities vulnerability


Chemical characteristic of surface water is better than the ground water. But due to microbial activity in surface water is often unfit for domestic purposes. To set up some small purification plant and growing awareness, they can use surface water for domestic purposes.

VEHICULAR AIR POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH: A CASE STUDY ON CHITTAGONG CITY

OBJECTIVES
To analyze the structure of vehicular population

To estimate the annual emission of pollutants (NOx, SOx, CO and CO2) from vehicles

To estimate the emission trends from traffic sources

To estimate afforestation required to minimize the annual CO2 emitted from vehicles

To determine the health effects of traffic pollution.

To suggest some mitigation measures for reducing the traffic pollution.

MITIGILATION
Fuel quality improvement
Traffic regulations and enforcement
Improvement of technology
Strengthen of legal authority
Public awareness
Research and development activities

CONCLUTION
The regular rising of vehicles in the city due to their increasing transport demands

The problem of vehicular air pollution is the integrated form of improper traffic management, low quality fuel utilization, absence of enforcement of proper traffic management, and the absence of exhaust gas control mechanism.

Diesel truck is the main vehicle responsible for SOX emission

Increasing rate of CO2and CO in last 10 years is 6.3% and 9.5%
Affected persons are vehicles staff, traffic personnel and shopkeepers.

Affected persons are suffering for mainly eye irritation, immediate coughing and respiratory illness.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT GENERATED FROM LEATHER PROCESSING INDUSTRY

OBJECTIVES
1.To detect the various types of toxic elements and their concentration in tannery effluent

2.To find out the physico-chemical characteristics of the tannery effluent.

3.To recommend some suggestions for minimizing toxic elements in the effluent
LIMITATIONS
Due to the limitation of time and lack of financial support more details analysis were not possible. The analysis of chromium was not possible due to the lack of laboratory facilities.

METHODOLOGY
Selection of the study area: Shaikh Akij and Family (SAF) Industry at Abhaynagar Thana in Jessore District is selected as the study area.
Primary data collection
Sample taken from three points of drain through which the effluent discharging into the Bhairab River.
Different physico-chemical analysis were performed in the Laboratory of Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University.

SOURCES
Sources of secondary data collection
LGED, Jessore
Journals and papers from NGO’s,
Previously published papers of BCLT.
Report from Dhaka leather complex (DLC)
UNDP seminar papers, DLC manual etc

CONCLUSION

From the result of this study, it appears that tannery effluent contains a large amount of pollutants including heavy metal and deteriorates water quality as well as aquatic environment.
The untreated waste water from SAF industry is directly discharging into the Bhairab River.
Waste from tannery industry gives rise to noxious odors from the decomposition of organic matter and deplete the dissolved oxygen in the water that is vital for aquatic life.
Due to the effluent discharging the water quality of the Bhairab River is degrading. Both the BOD and COD value of the effluent are extremely higher than the DOE standard.
Sulphide, an odorous and toxic element (if the concentration more than 5 ppm) exist in the waste water to a large extent. The concentration of other parameters is also high.
No parameter satisfied the DOE standard suggested for tannery effluent except the pH value.

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF WASTE GENERATION: A SUSTAINABLE TOOL FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF KHULNA CITY CORPORATION AREA

Introduction
1.Solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental problem confronting municipal authority.

2.In KCC area generates 455 tons waste per day, on which uncontrolled disposal wastes are 40-50%.

3.KCC authority has the main responsibility to manage whole of waste including solid waste.

4.But KCC has the constraints of waste dumping area with its increasing urbanized wastes.


5.Waste is directly related to the consumption of food and dumping to the land.

6.Ecological footprint of waste generation is the amount of biologically productive land (hector/capita) to assimilate the generated waste.

7.Ecological footprint of waste makes a relationship between two factors- the amount of land required to dispose and per capita generated waste.

Objective of the Study
The overall objective
“The development of a policy framework of sustainable solid waste management of KCC area by the concept of ecological footprint”.
The specific objectives
i)To know the existing solid waste management characteristics of Khulna city corporation area;

ii)To determine the ecological footprint of waste generation of KCC area by a specified mathematical tool;

iii) To recommend the way by which the ecological footprint of waste generation can be a very effective tool for sustainable waste management in KCC area.

Generalized Methods for Calculating Ecological Footprint of Waste Generation
To calculate the ecological footprint of waste generation, the generated waste are categorized as paper, plastic, glass, metal, and organic waste. footprint for each of this categorized waste have calculated by following formula
Energy land = World energy yield (m2/Mj). * energy intensity of waste (Mj/kg) * (amount of per capita waste,kg) * (1 – % of recycling of waste * % of energy saved from recycling).

Forest land = World average yield of round wood (m2 land/m3 paper) * ratio of round wood needed per unit paper (m3/ kg) * (amount of per capita waste / waste factor if needed) * (1 - % of recycling of paper * % of energy saved from recycling).

Built up land = Energy land required for waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area.

Ä    Biologically productive land required for paper

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of paper * (amount of per capita paper waste per year / waste factor of paper) * (1 – % of recycling of paper * % of energy saved from recycling)

Forest land = World average yield of round wood * ratio of round wood needed per unit paper * (amount of per capita paper waste per year / waste factor of paper) * (1 - % of recycling of paper * % energy saved from recycling)

Built up area = Energy land required for paper waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area

Biologically productive land required for plastic

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of plastic * per capita amount of plastic waste per year (1- % of recycling of plastic waste*energy saved from recycling of glass waste)

Built up land =Energy land required for plastic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area…

Biologically productive land required for glass

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of glass* per capita amount of glass waste per year (1- % of recycling of glass waste*energy saved from recycling of glass waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for glass waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area…


Biologically productive land required for metal

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of metal* per capita amount of metal waste per year (1- % of recycling of metal waste*energy saved from recycling of metal waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for metal waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area……


Biologically productive land required Organic waste (food)
Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of organic waste* per capita amount of organic waste per year * (1- % of recycling of organic waste*energy saved from recycling of organic waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for organic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area..

To sum up the total land required for different waste categories get the biologically productive land for waste assimilation, that means the ecological footprint of waste generation.

Biologically productive land required Organic waste (food)
Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of organic waste* per capita amount of organic waste per year * (1- % of recycling of organic waste*energy saved from recycling of organic waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for organic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area..

To sum up the total land required for different waste categories get the biologically productive land for waste assimilation, that means the ecological footprint of waste generation.

CONCLUSION

1.In KCC area the solid waste recycling rate is very low. Inorganic wastes are mainly recycled than organic.

2.Ecological footprint of waste generation in KCC is 0.88 hector / capita, which is very high comparison to the total ecological footprint of Bangladesh.

3.The ecological footprint provides the basis for any kind of management practices through knowing the exact land requirement for assimilating the waste. On this way it can be used as a sustainable waste management tool for KCC in resource recovery and efficient use of waste management option.

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

VIRTUAL WATER FOOTPRINT OF PRAWN PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH

INTRODUCTION
1.Virtual water is the water ‘embodied’ in a product, not in realefficient water use.
2.Making the link between consumption patterns and the impacts on water.
3.sense, but in virtual sense, It refers to the water needed for the production of a product.
4.Virtual water trade as an instrument to achieve water security.

OBJECTIVES
1.To estimate the virtual water footprint of Giant Freshwater Prawn in Bangladesh;
2.To compare the water use efficiency among various production methods through the virtual water footprint;
3.To identify the contribution of virtual water trade from Khulna region;
4.To show the percentage of virtual water trade outflows from the Bangladesh; and
5.To recommend a policy framework for the virtual water trade of fresh water prawn to enter the world trade industry;

METHODOLOGY

MAP

METHOD OF CALCULATION
Calculation of virtual water content of fresh water prawn
VWFP [Processed, p.c.] = [(VWCPL15 ×Pf(N)) + NWU] ×Pf(P) + PWU + DWU + PrWU

VWFP [Processed, p.c.] denotes the virtual water footprint of per capita processed prawn and Pf is the product fraction of the respective stage.
Product fraction (Pf) can be calculated as

Pf = No. of Individual/survivility

Calculation of virtual water content of PL15
VWCPL15 = HWU/Ply
VWCPL15 denotes the virtual water content of PL15. HWU and Ply is the water used in the hatchery and post-larvae yield
Water used in the hatchery (HWU) was calculated as..
HWU = WUST + WULCT + WULRT
Here,
WUST = water used in the spawning tank
WULCT = water used in the larvae collection tank
WULRT = water used in the larvae rearing tank
The WUST and WULRT were calculated as follows
WUST = b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5
Where, WUST = water used in the spawning tank;
b1 = water required to transport broodstock from field to hatchery;
b2 = water used to give rest the broodstock;
b3 = water volume of the spawning tank;

WULRT = V1-20 + WC1 + V21-45 + WC2 + fa + fc

Where,
WULRT = total water used in the larvae rearing tank;
V1-20 = water volume of the LRT in the first 20 days;
WC1 = amount of water changed in the first 20 days;
V21-45 = water volume of LRT in the next 25 days;
WC2 = amount of water changed in the next 25 days;
fa & fc = virtual water added due to Artemia and custard which was used as feed
Water used in the Nursery and Growout pond were calculated by the following equations:
NWU = Vw + tr + P + fw
NWU denotes the total amount of water used in the nursery culture, Vw, tr, P and fw the water volume of the nursery pond, water used to carry post larvae, amount of precipitation and virtual water added due to food respectively
PWU = Vp + tr + WCp + P + fw
Here,
PWU = water used in the growout pond
VP = water volume of the growout pond
tr = water used to transport fry from nursery to pond
WCP = water changed during the pond culture
P = water added due to precipitation

fw = water added due to feed

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Water Usage in Different Stages of Prawn Production
Hatchery
Nursery
Growout pond
Depot
Processing Industry

Water utilization in the hatchery to produce post larvae (PL15)

Water utilization in the natural pond culture to produce giant fresh water prawn

Water utilization scenario of three pond culture system

DEPOT
water required in depot for per capita prawn of 100 gm is 0.1 liter, for 80 gm it is 0.083 liter and for 50 gm of giant fresh water prawn is only 0.05 liter

Processing industry
About 66.35 liter water is used to process one kilogram prawn or shrimp. And if we calculate the water used to processed per capita prawn then it is 6.635 liter for prawn of 100 gm (produced from natural culture system), 5.53 liter for prawn of 80 gm (produced from extensive culture system) and 3.32 liter for prawn of 50 gm (produced from improve extensive culture system).


Virtual water content of giant fresh water prawn produced from natural system

Virtual water content of processed fresh water prawn produced from extensive culture system

Virtual water content of prawn produced from improve-extensive culture system

Comparison between virtual water content of fresh water prawn produced from three culture system

Virtual water trade from Khulna region

Export of Virtual Water from Bangladesh as a Result of Shrimp Trade

CONCLUSION
Water is increasingly becomes a scarce resource and it should therefore be valued as such. It is said that water should be allocated to where it produces the greatest benefits. In fresh water prawn production, a huge amount of water is used in every stage of its life cycles and also its final processed products. A bridge has to be built between water management practice and economic thinking in this research. In allocating and using water in an efficient way, there are different levels of decision-making:
Local water use efficiency
Water allocation efficiency
Global water use efficiency
The climatic condition of our country favors shrimp farming, earning a lot of foreign exchange every year due to export of processed shrimp. As shrimp aquaculture also caused significant environmental damage, it needs to consider the value of virtual water of its export products. Because presently the country only get the value of the product of processed shrimp, not the value of virtual water in the world market