CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT GENERATED FROM LEATHER PROCESSING INDUSTRY

OBJECTIVES
1.To detect the various types of toxic elements and their concentration in tannery effluent

2.To find out the physico-chemical characteristics of the tannery effluent.

3.To recommend some suggestions for minimizing toxic elements in the effluent
LIMITATIONS
Due to the limitation of time and lack of financial support more details analysis were not possible. The analysis of chromium was not possible due to the lack of laboratory facilities.

METHODOLOGY
Selection of the study area: Shaikh Akij and Family (SAF) Industry at Abhaynagar Thana in Jessore District is selected as the study area.
Primary data collection
Sample taken from three points of drain through which the effluent discharging into the Bhairab River.
Different physico-chemical analysis were performed in the Laboratory of Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University.

SOURCES
Sources of secondary data collection
LGED, Jessore
Journals and papers from NGO’s,
Previously published papers of BCLT.
Report from Dhaka leather complex (DLC)
UNDP seminar papers, DLC manual etc

CONCLUSION

From the result of this study, it appears that tannery effluent contains a large amount of pollutants including heavy metal and deteriorates water quality as well as aquatic environment.
The untreated waste water from SAF industry is directly discharging into the Bhairab River.
Waste from tannery industry gives rise to noxious odors from the decomposition of organic matter and deplete the dissolved oxygen in the water that is vital for aquatic life.
Due to the effluent discharging the water quality of the Bhairab River is degrading. Both the BOD and COD value of the effluent are extremely higher than the DOE standard.
Sulphide, an odorous and toxic element (if the concentration more than 5 ppm) exist in the waste water to a large extent. The concentration of other parameters is also high.
No parameter satisfied the DOE standard suggested for tannery effluent except the pH value.

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF WASTE GENERATION: A SUSTAINABLE TOOL FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF KHULNA CITY CORPORATION AREA

Introduction
1.Solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental problem confronting municipal authority.

2.In KCC area generates 455 tons waste per day, on which uncontrolled disposal wastes are 40-50%.

3.KCC authority has the main responsibility to manage whole of waste including solid waste.

4.But KCC has the constraints of waste dumping area with its increasing urbanized wastes.


5.Waste is directly related to the consumption of food and dumping to the land.

6.Ecological footprint of waste generation is the amount of biologically productive land (hector/capita) to assimilate the generated waste.

7.Ecological footprint of waste makes a relationship between two factors- the amount of land required to dispose and per capita generated waste.

Objective of the Study
The overall objective
“The development of a policy framework of sustainable solid waste management of KCC area by the concept of ecological footprint”.
The specific objectives
i)To know the existing solid waste management characteristics of Khulna city corporation area;

ii)To determine the ecological footprint of waste generation of KCC area by a specified mathematical tool;

iii) To recommend the way by which the ecological footprint of waste generation can be a very effective tool for sustainable waste management in KCC area.

Generalized Methods for Calculating Ecological Footprint of Waste Generation
To calculate the ecological footprint of waste generation, the generated waste are categorized as paper, plastic, glass, metal, and organic waste. footprint for each of this categorized waste have calculated by following formula
Energy land = World energy yield (m2/Mj). * energy intensity of waste (Mj/kg) * (amount of per capita waste,kg) * (1 – % of recycling of waste * % of energy saved from recycling).

Forest land = World average yield of round wood (m2 land/m3 paper) * ratio of round wood needed per unit paper (m3/ kg) * (amount of per capita waste / waste factor if needed) * (1 - % of recycling of paper * % of energy saved from recycling).

Built up land = Energy land required for waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area.

Ä    Biologically productive land required for paper

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of paper * (amount of per capita paper waste per year / waste factor of paper) * (1 – % of recycling of paper * % of energy saved from recycling)

Forest land = World average yield of round wood * ratio of round wood needed per unit paper * (amount of per capita paper waste per year / waste factor of paper) * (1 - % of recycling of paper * % energy saved from recycling)

Built up area = Energy land required for paper waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area

Biologically productive land required for plastic

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of plastic * per capita amount of plastic waste per year (1- % of recycling of plastic waste*energy saved from recycling of glass waste)

Built up land =Energy land required for plastic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area…

Biologically productive land required for glass

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of glass* per capita amount of glass waste per year (1- % of recycling of glass waste*energy saved from recycling of glass waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for glass waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area…


Biologically productive land required for metal

Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of metal* per capita amount of metal waste per year (1- % of recycling of metal waste*energy saved from recycling of metal waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for metal waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area……


Biologically productive land required Organic waste (food)
Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of organic waste* per capita amount of organic waste per year * (1- % of recycling of organic waste*energy saved from recycling of organic waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for organic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area..

To sum up the total land required for different waste categories get the biologically productive land for waste assimilation, that means the ecological footprint of waste generation.

Biologically productive land required Organic waste (food)
Energy land = world energy yield * energy intensity of organic waste* per capita amount of organic waste per year * (1- % of recycling of organic waste*energy saved from recycling of organic waste)

Built up land = Energy land required for organic waste * built up land footprint component of waste / (world average fossil fuel area of goods + world average fossil fuel area of waste) / primary biomass equivalence factor for built up area..

To sum up the total land required for different waste categories get the biologically productive land for waste assimilation, that means the ecological footprint of waste generation.

CONCLUSION

1.In KCC area the solid waste recycling rate is very low. Inorganic wastes are mainly recycled than organic.

2.Ecological footprint of waste generation in KCC is 0.88 hector / capita, which is very high comparison to the total ecological footprint of Bangladesh.

3.The ecological footprint provides the basis for any kind of management practices through knowing the exact land requirement for assimilating the waste. On this way it can be used as a sustainable waste management tool for KCC in resource recovery and efficient use of waste management option.

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

Facts About Environmental Science And Disaster Management: DIFFERENT TOOLS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY KANIZ FATEMA

VIRTUAL WATER FOOTPRINT OF PRAWN PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH

INTRODUCTION
1.Virtual water is the water ‘embodied’ in a product, not in realefficient water use.
2.Making the link between consumption patterns and the impacts on water.
3.sense, but in virtual sense, It refers to the water needed for the production of a product.
4.Virtual water trade as an instrument to achieve water security.

OBJECTIVES
1.To estimate the virtual water footprint of Giant Freshwater Prawn in Bangladesh;
2.To compare the water use efficiency among various production methods through the virtual water footprint;
3.To identify the contribution of virtual water trade from Khulna region;
4.To show the percentage of virtual water trade outflows from the Bangladesh; and
5.To recommend a policy framework for the virtual water trade of fresh water prawn to enter the world trade industry;

METHODOLOGY

MAP

METHOD OF CALCULATION
Calculation of virtual water content of fresh water prawn
VWFP [Processed, p.c.] = [(VWCPL15 ×Pf(N)) + NWU] ×Pf(P) + PWU + DWU + PrWU

VWFP [Processed, p.c.] denotes the virtual water footprint of per capita processed prawn and Pf is the product fraction of the respective stage.
Product fraction (Pf) can be calculated as

Pf = No. of Individual/survivility

Calculation of virtual water content of PL15
VWCPL15 = HWU/Ply
VWCPL15 denotes the virtual water content of PL15. HWU and Ply is the water used in the hatchery and post-larvae yield
Water used in the hatchery (HWU) was calculated as..
HWU = WUST + WULCT + WULRT
Here,
WUST = water used in the spawning tank
WULCT = water used in the larvae collection tank
WULRT = water used in the larvae rearing tank
The WUST and WULRT were calculated as follows
WUST = b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5
Where, WUST = water used in the spawning tank;
b1 = water required to transport broodstock from field to hatchery;
b2 = water used to give rest the broodstock;
b3 = water volume of the spawning tank;

WULRT = V1-20 + WC1 + V21-45 + WC2 + fa + fc

Where,
WULRT = total water used in the larvae rearing tank;
V1-20 = water volume of the LRT in the first 20 days;
WC1 = amount of water changed in the first 20 days;
V21-45 = water volume of LRT in the next 25 days;
WC2 = amount of water changed in the next 25 days;
fa & fc = virtual water added due to Artemia and custard which was used as feed
Water used in the Nursery and Growout pond were calculated by the following equations:
NWU = Vw + tr + P + fw
NWU denotes the total amount of water used in the nursery culture, Vw, tr, P and fw the water volume of the nursery pond, water used to carry post larvae, amount of precipitation and virtual water added due to food respectively
PWU = Vp + tr + WCp + P + fw
Here,
PWU = water used in the growout pond
VP = water volume of the growout pond
tr = water used to transport fry from nursery to pond
WCP = water changed during the pond culture
P = water added due to precipitation

fw = water added due to feed

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Water Usage in Different Stages of Prawn Production
Hatchery
Nursery
Growout pond
Depot
Processing Industry

Water utilization in the hatchery to produce post larvae (PL15)

Water utilization in the natural pond culture to produce giant fresh water prawn

Water utilization scenario of three pond culture system

DEPOT
water required in depot for per capita prawn of 100 gm is 0.1 liter, for 80 gm it is 0.083 liter and for 50 gm of giant fresh water prawn is only 0.05 liter

Processing industry
About 66.35 liter water is used to process one kilogram prawn or shrimp. And if we calculate the water used to processed per capita prawn then it is 6.635 liter for prawn of 100 gm (produced from natural culture system), 5.53 liter for prawn of 80 gm (produced from extensive culture system) and 3.32 liter for prawn of 50 gm (produced from improve extensive culture system).


Virtual water content of giant fresh water prawn produced from natural system

Virtual water content of processed fresh water prawn produced from extensive culture system

Virtual water content of prawn produced from improve-extensive culture system

Comparison between virtual water content of fresh water prawn produced from three culture system

Virtual water trade from Khulna region

Export of Virtual Water from Bangladesh as a Result of Shrimp Trade

CONCLUSION
Water is increasingly becomes a scarce resource and it should therefore be valued as such. It is said that water should be allocated to where it produces the greatest benefits. In fresh water prawn production, a huge amount of water is used in every stage of its life cycles and also its final processed products. A bridge has to be built between water management practice and economic thinking in this research. In allocating and using water in an efficient way, there are different levels of decision-making:
Local water use efficiency
Water allocation efficiency
Global water use efficiency
The climatic condition of our country favors shrimp farming, earning a lot of foreign exchange every year due to export of processed shrimp. As shrimp aquaculture also caused significant environmental damage, it needs to consider the value of virtual water of its export products. Because presently the country only get the value of the product of processed shrimp, not the value of virtual water in the world market

Drinking water Status in Satkhira Municipality Area

INTRODUCTION
The fresh liquid water sources on land surfaces and in the ground constitute only about 1% of the total water on earth. These fresh water sources have been formed by condensation of water evaporated mainly from the ocean and seas. Perhaps water is the frequently occurring substance on the earth, but still evidence of recent estimate indicates that more than one billion people do not access to safe water (World Bank, 1977). Lack of safe water is more prominent in the Third World countries.
Groundwater is an important source of water supply throughout the world. Its use in irrigation, industries, municipalities and rural homes are increasing day by day. Two- third of the total surface of the earth is water. But the total surface water is not suitable for drinking and other purposes. Presently 2.5% of the total water of the earth is drinkable (NGO Forum, 2003)

STUDY AREA

SAMPLING LOCATION

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
Satkhira is the south-western part of Bangladesh, which is near the coastal belt Sundarban. So, here the aquifers may be vulnerable to seawater intrusion. Two kinds of aquifers were detected at different borehole stations' in Satkhira Municipality area like fine sand aquifer and coarse sand aquifer and these all were deep aquifers.

Chemical parameters interpretation reveals that the water quality in Satkhira Municipality are mostly calcite and dolomite originated and shows temporary hardness in the piper plot of source rock diagram. So, my study confirms that water quality has significant levels to consume water in the municipality area. Although at present human have no significant impact on water quality in the study area, future protection and management policy have to be adopted for the future demands of water supply in Satkhira Municipality

CHILDREN’S HEALTH CONDITION IN JESSORE TOWN -A CASE STUDY IN GHOP SLUM

Introduction

1.Slums are unplanned neglected parts of cities

2.Basic municipal services
- water
- sanitation
- waste collection
- storm drainage
- paved footpaths
- roads for emergency access

3.Schools and clinics within reach, safe areas for children to play

4.The children of slum areas are deprived of their basic needs of life

5.Their health condition is a critical issue

Study area

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

SOURCES OF WATER CHEMISTRY

ZONE OF DOMINANCE

ORIGIN OF WATER

ZONE OF SALINITY

CONCLUSION
1.The surface water of this region is mostly dominated by sodium, chloride and bicarbonate in association with calcium, magnesium and sulfate. It is clear from Gibbs and Piper diagram and from the Source Rock Deduction illustration that the processes of evaporation and fractional crystallization and rock water interaction control the water chemistry in the study area.


2.Present quality status of waters shows no vicious trouble in Bagerhat Municipality. The water body can be used for the domestic purposes. A very few exceeds the level of standard fixed by Bangladesh government and WHO due to the saline water intrusion.


3.Anthropogenic interference like waste disposal, use of natural wetland as a fish culture unit etc. must be avoided for the better existence of these in its natural form. The relevant policy is obvious to protect this fresh water resources.

CHILDREN’S HEALTH CONDITION IN JESSORE TOWN -A CASE STUDY IN GHOP SLUM

Introduction

1.Slums are unplanned neglected parts of cities

2.Basic municipal services
- water
- sanitation
- waste collection
- storm drainage
- paved footpaths
- roads for emergency access

3.Schools and clinics within reach, safe areas for children to play

4.The children of slum areas are deprived of their basic needs of life

5.Their health condition is a critical issue

Study area

NATURE OF SOLUTE LOAD FROM MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM, A STUDY OF BANGLADESH SUNDERBAN

INTRODUCTION
Mangrove swamps are tropical analogous of the temporal salt marshes. Mangroves are halophytes, this does not mean that mangroves require salt for their successful growth and most mangroves probably grow reasonably well in fresh water. In deed, it has been suggested by Snedaker(1979) that “Freshwater is a physiological requirement and salt water is an ecological requirement. The former prevents excess respiratory losses and later prevents invasion and competition of non halophyte”. The mangroves of Bangladesh are significant globally because of their size, geological settings, biological diversity and natural resource and livelihood support potentiality. The chemical composition of mangrove water is controlled by the input water from estuaries /rivers mixing with the sea water, rock weathering, precipitations and by evaporations
BACKGROUND
The coastline of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh is one of the geologically most recent and tectonically active denudation regimes of the world (Datta and Suvramanian, 1997). The GBM system is one of the largest sources of material to the world’s ocean (Kuehl et al., 1989). It covers the large low-laying region of the Indo-Bangladesh, where the chemical denudation rate is one of the highest in the world (Subramanian, 1987; Sarin et al., 1989; Datta, 1997). Studies of the hydrochemical processes in the coastal river and mangrove ecosystem are therefore essential for a better understanding of the land – ocean interaction that affect the mangrove estuarine ecosystem and the abundance and distribution of species. Hydrochemistry and nutrient status of mangrove and estuarine system from Passur River in South-Western Bangladesh is not well known . . This gap in our knowledge has only recently been addressed and encourages me to conduct such kind of study

Global distribution of mangroves

Causes and Effect of Mangrove degradation

LIQUID IS LIFE
The Earth distinguishes itself from all other planets by the presence of water .As a life supporting natural resource, importance of water is not as crucial for its quantity rather than for quality and distribution. Hydrochemistry is connected with the chemical process affecting the distribution and circulation of chemical compounds in natural waters
Chemical Characterization of water of Mangrove estuarine system (According to Gibbs, 1970)

CONCLUSION
The nature of solute load in mangrove ecosystem shows that water is alkaline in nature.

The higher PH value in the winter seasons reflects a period of greater photosynthetic activity, which utilizes CO2, thereby shifting equilibrium towards the high alkalinity.

The dilution by atmospheric precipitation and fresh water flow lowers the electrical conductivity (EC) in the monsoon period.

Chloride behaves in similar fashion to Electrical Conductivities. Chloride is contributed mainly by sea water for that instance it is higher gradually from North to South. Marine cycling is also assumed to be the major source of chloride in the surface waters.

The bicarbonate shows a minor fluctuation within the mangrove.

All the major cations show wide variation within the mangroves and are higher in the Winter season.

CONDITION OF TENGRATILA GAS FIELD

CONDITION OF TENGRATILA GAS FIELD
The Environmental Impact Assessment of Chhatak-2 (Tengratila) Gas Field Blowout is very much indispensable to identify the actual impacts on either of environmentally, socially, economically or culturally. EIA has been conducted employing questionnaire for field survey, laboratory based analysis for knowing water quality and Matrix and Ranking Checklist for final stage of the report. For predicting the overall impacts, the surrounding environment has been assessed under two major headings: (I) Socio-Economic Impacts and (II) Ecological Impacts. At last, vulnerability assessment and cumulative impact assessment is very much necessary to identify ultimate overall impacts on the surrounding environment due to explosion. The ultimate result of the explosion on Socio-Economic conditions of the study area was very much severe. The Socio-Economic value of the blowout area have been decreased that means the Socio-Economic conditions of the study area have been negatively affected. It has been found that almost all of the inhabitants of the Tengratila and Ajabpur villages were in vulnerable condition due to horrific problems such as noise, earthquake, heat, ash, sound, gas and fire at the blowout stage from 14 to 25 days. It has been calculated that Tengratila gas field explosion has destroyed the surrounding environmental components of the study area. The ranks of the impact at blowout stage due to different causes are noise-1.76, fire-7.18, ash-6.43, gas-6.72 out of 10 where fire was the main cause of the severe impact and overall-6.73 which is the severe impact on the environment because almost about 67% of the surrounding environment have been affected by explosion.

Since the mining and environment have become complementary to each other and thus neither can be separated nor ignored in the interest of the development of the country, so environment friendly mining is mandatorily required for the improvement of physico-chemical, biological and social environment.

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN BANGLADESH

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN BANGLADESH

The shrimp aquaculture is expanded in the coastal region throughout the world especially in the South-Asian countries like Bangladesh from last few decades. In Bangladesh, shrimp aquaculture is now acted as a business that has been hindered by lack of knowledge, training on water quality, and poor farm management. Due to lack of proper water management, the surrounding environment impacted badly. Therefore, the study was aimed to analyze the different physico-chemical parameters among different shrimp aquaculture systems and evaluate through comparison of these systems on the subsequent effects to the South-Western Coastal region of Bangladesh. The research finds out the calculated index value is almost same as 0.87 in analyses of all factors. The water temperature is found positively correlated (P<0.01) with salinity, pH and TDS and negatively correlated with water depth. pH values of different sampling points during the observation period are found within 6.8 to 9.12, while the average values were 8.06±0.83, 7.83±0.623 and 7.49±0.41 in shrimp-rice, only-shrimp and canal water respectively. The pH of cultivated pond water of shrimp is found positive correlation (P<0.01) with water temperature, DO, TDS, salinity and negatively correlation with water depth. The DO values are found as 6.27±1.79 mg/l, 5.64±2.42 mg/l, and 5.35±1.43 mg/l in shrimp-rice, only-shrimp and canal respectively. It seems DO status is good in both culture and canal systems. The averages BOD are found 3.28±1.02, 3.31±1.00, and 3.53±0.79 in shrimp-rice, only-shrimp and canal system respectively. The BOD values fluctuated primarily due to the addition of unused feed abundant and waste materials. Collected TDS level varies from 0.702 gm/l to 36.3 gm/l respectively during field observation. The TDS value is found positively correlated (P<0.01) with salinity, pH and water temperature, but negatively correlated with water depth. The average salinity is found 8.18±5.28 ppt, 8.24±6.37 ppt and 8.00±7.15 ppt in shrimp-rice, only-shrimp and canal water in study area respectively. The range of salinity is found as 0.64 to 34.05 ppt in all categories and positively correlated (P<0.01) with water temperature, TDS, pH, and also negatively correlated with water depth. The research finds out that the relationship between the physico-chemical parameters among different types of shrimp farming system with environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, mangrove destruction, salinity intrusion etc in coastal Bangladesh.

CRITERIA OF A SATELLITE TOWN

A suitable site for a satellite town must have required criteria’s or involved facilities and attributes that will enable the town to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable lack to the city people it is operating. Criteria for site selection of a satellite town include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic, land-use and ecological factors. Optimum land utilization of human being includes the survivality, and sustainable development. Preferable selection of suitable sites for satellite town been normally carried by traditional approaches i.e. meeting it at all types of town facilities and vacant land in or around the main city. Beside these before taking any decision to make use of the land in respect of its suitability for the intended purpose. Therefore , site suitability of is a prerequisite domain of inquiry , which could facilitate the process of decision making as the suitability of the land for its moist beneficial use. The Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data or other associated features, which help in selection of sites. Site selection procedures can benefit from the appropriate use of GIS. The use of GIS in selection process will reduce the time and enhance the accuracy. This study is designed to carry out a site suitability analysis for the establishment of a satellite town in Khulna district adjacent to Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area. The central assumption is that the natural environmental characteristics render the site more suitable disposition than the other sector. It is also assumed that it is possible to interpret environmental data to determine such suitability based on specific environment and other objectives, standard and design principles. Arc info and Arc view software have been used for digitizes, data collection and data interpretation of different KCC maps for selecting suitable site for satellite town in Khulna district. GIS techniques were put into use for virtually all environmental analysis, are also employed for this work at different stages.

characteristics of wastewater

characteristics of wastewater

Water is very essential thing for the survival of human beings because man cannot live without water for a single moment. Without water life on earth would not exist. Man use water not only for drinking and culinary purposes but also for bathing, laundering and other domestic uses. It is difficult to imagine any clean and sanitary environment without water. Urban people discharges water in several ways. Urban drainage water comes from different household areas. It is effect on our aquatic environment.

The wastewater system begins where the urban water supply system leaves off. Analysis of urban drainage water is very much essential because maximum water comes from domestic purposes and it discharges different types of wastage which contaminates our water. The factors responsible for water pollution and directly effects our environment.

Different chemical properties such as pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolve Solids), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, and SO42- were measured. All stations water were found to be alkaline with pH > 7. Some stations were found to be high EC and high TDS, which exceed the standard level. Some stations were found to be very high chloride concentrations and high sodium concentrations, which also exceed the standard level. Calcium and bicarbonate were also high in water of some stations. Potassium, carbonate, magnesium and sulphate concentrations were low, which were within the standard level.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER

characteristics of wastewater
Water is very essential thing for the survival of human beings because man cannot live without water for a single moment. Without water life on earth would not exist. Man use water not only for drinking and culinary purposes but also for bathing, laundering and other domestic uses. It is difficult to imagine any clean and sanitary environment without water. Urban people discharges water in several ways. Urban drainage water comes from different household areas. It is effect on our aquatic environment.

The wastewater system begins where the urban water supply system leaves off. Analysis of urban drainage water is very much essential because maximum water comes from domestic purposes and it discharges different types of wastage which contaminates our water. The factors responsible for water pollution and directly effects our environment.

Different chemical properties such as pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolve Solids), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, and SO42- were measured. All stations water were found to be alkaline with pH > 7. Some stations were found to be high EC and high TDS, which exceed the standard level. Some stations were found to be very high chloride concentrations and high sodium concentrations, which also exceed the standard level. Calcium and bicarbonate were also high in water of some stations. Potassium, carbonate, magnesium and sulphate concentrations were low, which were within the standard level.

STUDY ON PROBLEMS OF SLUMS IN KHULNA

STUDY ON PROBLEMS OF SLUMS IN KHULNA
Being one of the poorest countries of the world Bangladesh is overwhelmed with the problems of slums and squatter settlements. The rapid increase in urban population has made a tremendous claim on the already over utilized civic facilities and has already created a state of disequilibrium in the urban environment. The growth of urban population in this country is very fast and the present housing stock is not enough to support all the people. This results the widespread growth of slums and squatter settlements in the urban areas that occupies land and also affects the adjacent residential areas. The living conditions as well as the environment in slums are miserable because of the absence of different basic services necessary for decent living in the urban area.

Here, water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management and health facilities provided by Khulna City Corporation (KCC) are the selected services for this study purpose. The present study is an attempt to reveal the condition or the accessibility of the selected basic services of the slum dwellers. For this it has considered Rupsha slum of Khulna city. This study also finds out problems of the slum dwellers for the access to these selected basic services with addition to their level of satisfaction. The study observed that slum dwellers of the study area have very limited access to these services and they are living in an unhygienic environment for a long time. These services are not sufficient for the slum dwellers. But, KCC being a local authority is responsible to provide adequate services to the urbanities and also provide maintenance of such services. The sufferings from several diseases are very common in the slums and these are mainly due to inadequacy of the basic services. This study tries to elaborate the procedure for improving urban services delivery for environmental management. Finally it has given some recommendation to improve the quality of services for the sustainable development of the living condition of the slum dwellers. Moreover proper steps should be taken to minimize the problem faced by the slum dwellers both by the GOs and NGOs.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE RIVER KIRTONKHOLA NEAR BARISAL CITY

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE RIVER KIRTONKHOLA NEAR BARISAL CITY

Phytoplankton diversity in relation to physico-chemical conditions of Kirtonkhola River near Barisal City has been studied from July 2005 to December, 2005 at three different spots. The City and the river is overwhelmingly important for its contribution to the socio-economy, inland transport, environmental maintenance of biodiversity in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. It comprises an area with a small habitat for many species of plankton and fauna coexist. The inland open water resources of the existing extent and magnitude should harbor and support population of a large varieties of aquatic species organisms. Important physical and chemical factors prevailing in the study area were determined viz, air temperature, water temperature, TDS, pH, EC, free CO2, DO, BOD5, carbonate, bicarbonate alkalinity, salinity, phosphate , chloride and silicate contents. Water temperature was always less than the surrounding air temperature and varied within 2˚C to 3˚C. The nature of water was alkaline and pH value varied from 5.5 to 7.6.Electric conductivity ranged from 186 to 281 ms, dissolve oxygen content varied 2.6 to 8.5 mg/l, transparency of water varied 15 to 17 cm, TDS varied from 93 to 141 gm/l, free CO2 from 0.5 to 5 mg/l, carbonate alkalinity was 164 to 200 mg/l, bicarbonate alkalinity varied 98 to 158 mg/l , BOD5 from 0.8 to 5.9 mg/l, total hardness varied from 14 to 20 mg /l, calcium hardness from 12 to 17 mg/l, magnesium hardness varied 1 to 4 mg/l salinity from 0.5 to 1 ppt, silicate varied from 13 to 19 mg/l and 0.4 to 0.6 mg/l, total phosphate were recorded. The phytoplankton abundance varied from 58404 to 109906 units /l. Attempts have been made wherever possible, to attribute the reasons for the changes of physico-chemical factors and their relationship with phytoplankton. Total 12 genera of phytoplankton under 4 classes (Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae) were recorded. Melosira sp., Synedra sp. and Navicula sp. were the dominant genera in phytoplankton community. Among the three spots Bacillariophceae was the most dominant group and their percentage composition was 87.57 % in spot-1 and 82.64 % in spot-2 respectively and this group was also dominant in spot-3 and percentage composition was 74.87 %. The physico-chemical condition and phytoplankton data of the present study indicate the present river conditions specially the water quality of the Kirtonkhola river.

BARISAL CITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

BARISAL CITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
Barisal city is the headquarter of Barisal division of Bangladesh, comprising the southern districts, lying west of the Kirtonkhola River. Due to rapid urbanization this city faces the environmental pollution like other growing cities of Bangladesh. The city corporation is the only authorized body responsible for the proper management of generated solid waste. As an effective management system, it is necessary to keep a safe and clean world for the next generation. So the continuous environmental degradation process must be stopped or at least minimized immediately. The goals of the study are to determine the characteristics of solid waste, to find the existing solid waste management scenario, to determine the environmental impacts, relative problems and some remedial measures and to ensure better management practices in order to reverse the process of environmental pollution. The waste generation rate in Barisal City Corporation area is 118 tons per day of which mostly are organic but the collection rate is about 50 tons per day, which is below from half of the generation rate. On the other hand, recycling practices of the respondents are satisfactory. Besides City Corporation Authority, only one NGO Prodipon, work for the solid waste management and they work only for clinical waste. Gas emission from the landfill site is estimated from US EPA LANDGEM model and the emission rate will be peak in the year 2016. In the city the authority collect the solid waste by applying house-to-house collection system. There is a lack of cooperation between NGO and City Corporation. The City Corporation has no burning unit, Prodipon has a burning unit that burns only clinical waste but it does not work properly. Due to lack of good intention of the authority and the lack of technical knowledge, financial constraints and other inherent limitations, the overall solid waste management scenario is not good.

IMPORTANCE OF GENDER EQUITY

IMPORTANCE OF GENDER EQUITY
Gender refers to the attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the socio-cultural relationships between women and men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes. They are context specific and changeable. In most societies there are differences and inequalities between women and men in activities undertaken, access to and control over resources as well as decision making opportunities. Gender is part of the broader socio-cultural context which also takes into consideration factors such as class, race, economic status, ethnic group and age.

Adopting a gender perspective means focusing on both women and men and their relationships with each other and natural resources. In addition, it means working with a global perspective that allows for and appreciates regional diversity.

Why is gender essential to the sustainable use, management and conservation of natural resources? Gender equality and equity are matters of fundamental human rights and social justice and a pre-condition for sustainable development. In the use, management and conservation of natural resources women and men have different roles and responsibilities, which vary greatly from region to region. Women often make their contributions to the family, community and society with unequal access to, control over and benefits from resources and resource use. This inequality often exists in a context of discrimination and unequal power relationships.

Understanding the linkages between gender relationships and the environment means achieving a better analysis of patterns of use, knowledge and skills regarding conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Only with a gender perspective in place can a complete picture of human relationships and ecosystems be built up.

DISASTER AND BANGLADESH

DISASTER AND BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is beset with a myriad of natural disasters. Tropical cyclones, tidal surges, tornados, floods, droughts and large-scale riverbank erosion all wreak havoc on the lives and livelihoods of the population. The country’s propensity to natural disasters is due to various environmental factors and its geographical location. Recent estimates suggest that about 4 percent of the world’s cyclones hit Bangladesh and that damage and losses to the country amount to about 96 percent of the global total. In November 1970, Bangladesh’s coastal regions were devastated by a cyclone that killed more than 300,000 people and caused over $2.5 billion of property damage. More recently, floods in 1988 and 1998 brought immense suffering to the population. Agricultural production was disrupted and the country’s economy was severely affected in 1998, when nearly two thirds of the country was under water for three months. Bangladeshis and their government are doing their best to prevent and mitigate natural disasters, but there is an overwhelming need to strengthen the country’s disaster preparedness and management capabilities.

The risk calculus for vulnerable groups within society and infrastructure will be enormous and hence the urgent need to design strategy that would outline the development of standard instruments for disaster prevention and preparedness as well as the organizational mechanisms for plan implementation. The underlying assumption, as indicated in the Policy document, is that disaster prevention and preparedness are crucial entry points for disaster risk reduction